Subak is an organisation owned past times the farmers inwards Bali that specifically regulates H2O administration or watering systems/irrigation of rice fields traditionally, the existence of Subak is a manifestation of the philosophy/concept of Tri Hita Karana.
Tri Hita Karana is derived from the give-and-take "Tri" pregnant three, "Hita" which agency happiness/well-being as well as "Karana" which agency the cause. It tin live concluded that the Tri Hita Karana agency "Three things causes the creation of happiness as well as well-being". Its application inwards the Subak System equally follows:
- Parahyangan is a harmonious human relationship betwixt human as well as God.
- Pawongan is a harmonious human relationship betwixt human as well as his neighbor.
- Palemahan is the harmonious human relationship betwixt human as well as nature as well as the environment.
The give-and-take "Subak" is a give-and-take that comes from the Balinese language, the give-and-take was outset seen inwards the inscription of Pandak Bandung that has numbers 1072 AD. The give-and-take "Subak" refers to a unique social as well as religious institutions, has its ain settings, democratic associations of farmers inwards determining the usage of irrigation H2O for growing rice.
Subak for Balinese is non only an irrigation system, but also the concept of life for the people of Bali itself. In the sentiment of Balinese people, Subak is a straight overview of the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.
As a method of scheme of living together, Subak survived for over a century because of the people obedient to the ancestral traditions. Water distribution is done fairly as well as equitably, all the problems discussed as well as solved together, fifty-fifty the timing of planting as well as conclusion of the type of rice planted was done together.
Sanctions against diverse types of violations volition live determined past times the people themselves through ceremonies or rituals performed inwards the temples. This sort of harmonization of life is the telephone commutation factor inwards the preservation of the cultural of Subak inwards Bali.
Subak Organizational Structure
Subak members or also commonly called Krama Subak is the farmers who receive got cultivated rice fields as well as teach a slice of H2O inwards their fields. In Subak members are also available several groups called Sekaa, Krama Subak classified into three, namely:
- Krama Aktif is the active members such equally krama pekaseh, sekaa yeh or sekaa Subak.
- Krama Pasif is the members that supersede their obligations amongst coin or inwards sort for several reasons commonly referred to Pengampel or Pengohot.
- Krama Luput is the members which is non active inwards all sorts of Subak activities because of the duties equally caput of the hamlet or Bendesa Adat.
Subak organisation commission (Prajuru) consists of:
- Pekaseh/Kelian is served equally caput of the Subak.
- Pangliman/Petajuh, served equally deputy caput of the Subak.
- Peyarikan/Juru tulis is equally secretary.
- Petengen/Juru raksa is has a duty equally treasurer.
- Saya/Juru arah/Juru uduh/Juru tibak/Kasinoman has the duty inwards matters of discovery or announcement.
- Pemangku is a special duty inwards matters of ritual or religious events.
The groups (Sekaa) inwards Subak divided into:
- Sekaa Numbeg is a grouping that regulates the processing of land.
- Sekaa Jelinjingan is the grouping inwards accuse of organizing the H2O treatment.
- Sekaa Sambang is the grouping who has the project of monitoring the H2O of the theft, banish or grab animals that destroy crops such equally birds as well as rodents.
- Sekaa Memulih/Nandur is a grouping inwards accuse inwards damage of planting rice seedlings.
- Sekaa Mejukut is a grouping inwards accuse of weeding rice.
- Sekaa Manyi is the grouping inwards accuse to cutting or harvest rice.
- Sekaa Bleseng is a grouping that has the duty of transporting the bond of rice that has been planed from the fields to the barn.
As an organisation that is autonomous inwards taking assist of their ain organizations, Subak tin fix rules known equally Awig awig, Sima, as well as Perarem. Inside the awig awig written things as well as basic provisions, the principal contents inwards awig awig is fix nearly parahyangan, pawongan as well as palemahan spell provisions as well as things inwards to a greater extent than item contained inwards pararem equally the implementation of awig awig Subak. Awig awig Subak contains rights as well as obligations of members of Subak as well as contains nearly sanctions for violations of rights as well as obligations.
Subak Irrigation Network
Experts also mentioned that Subak, equally good equally technological systems, has move a civilization inwards Bali. Subak equally a method of the technology scientific discipline of the master civilization of the Balinese farmer. The principal facilities of irrigation H2O command scheme (palemahan) for each fellow member of Subak is pengalapan (dam), jelinjing (trenches), as well as a cakangan (spot/tool to move into the H2O to the rice fields).
if at a given location rice plain in that location are 2 or to a greater extent than side past times side cakangan to each other, as well as hence the summit of those cakangan are the same (the ease as well as smoothness of the H2O flowing into the fields owned past times each farmer is the same), but the departure inwards the width of the holes of the cakangan tin live tolerated customized past times a broad margin of paddy fields. Manufacture, maintenance, as well as administration of the usage of irrigation facilities of Subak conducted jointly past times the members.
Network inwards the Subak irrigation scheme if sorted from H2O sources consist of:
- Empelan/Empangan equally a source of H2O flow/dam.
- Bungas/Buka equally an inlet (in take).
- Aungan equally a shut drains or tunnel.
- Telabah Aya (gede) equally the principal H2O channel.
- Tembuku Aya (gede) equally the principal edifice for the distribution of water.
- Telabah Tempek (Munduk/Dahanan/Kanca) equally the branch H2O channel.
- Telabah Cerik equally twig H2O channel.
- Telabah Panyacah (tali kunda), inwards some places known equally Penasan (for 10 parts), Panca (for five people), as well as Pamijian (1 person).
Through this Subak system, farmers teach H2O inwards accordance amongst the conditions fix past times the deliberation of the members of Subak as well as yet guided past times the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana. Therefore, the activity inwards organizations/associations of Subak includes non entirely agricultural issues but also includes issues of ritual as well as worship to invoke adept fortune as well as fertility.
Rice field, rice plants, as well as the H2O has an of import purpose inwards Subak irrigation scheme is fifty-fifty associated amongst a religious aspect. All those iii are related to the ability of Dewi Sri (the goddess of fertility as well as prosperity). Therefore, Subak non entirely regulates the number as well as delivery of H2O but also the social as well as religious aspects.
Each Subak commonly has a temple called Pura Ulun Carik Temple or Pura Bedugul Temple, specially built past times farmers to worship the Goddess Sri. This irrigation scheme is governed past times an indigenous leader as well as also a farmer called Kelian (Klian) which has the chore to supervise as well as teach by Subak.
To live Kelian Subak is a social nature, does non teach a salary. The partition or distribution of H2O is adjusted to the membership of farmers inwards Subak, in that location are active as well as passive members, both got dissimilar H2O distribution. This is the footing of judge where the H2O distribution adapted to the contribution.
The ancient irrigation scheme of Subak has been studied as well as researched past times Clifford Geertz, spell J. Stephen Lansing has attracted populace attending on the importance of traditional irrigation methods. He studied as well as researched many sacred places (temples) inwards Bali, particularly the sacred house reserved for agriculture.
In 1987, J. Stephen Lansing cooperate amongst farmers inwards Bali has redeveloped inwards the irrigation system/Subak irrigation becomes to a greater extent than effective. That trend he tin bear witness how the effectiveness as well as importance of Subak irrigation method inwards Bali.
Subak - World Heritage Sites past times UNESCO
UNESCO - The United Nations Educational, Scientific, as well as Cultural Organization has lastly admitted Subak inwards Bali equally a the world cultural heritage. Such recognition tin live realized afterwards the combat of Indonesian democracy regime for to a greater extent than than 12 years.
Proposal for this category is non slowly because it requires in-depth question amongst the approach through diverse sciences such equally archeology, anthropology, geography, environmental science, landscape architecture, as well as another related sciences.
Right at the appointment June 29, 2012, the Proposal is approved as well as designated equally World Cultural Heritage past times UNESCO inwards the 36th session of UNESCO World Heritage Committee inwards the town of Saint Peterburg, Russia.
The conclusion equally a World Cultural Heritage was welcomed past times the regime as well as the people of Bali. According to the filing, Subak inwards Bali which has an surface area of approximately 20,000 ha, consisting of a H2O command scheme that is inwards five districts of Badung, Bangli, Buleleng, Gianyar as well as Tabanan.
Sites inwards Bali defined past times UNESCO equally the world cultural heritage are:
- Ulun Danu Batur Temple, located at the cease of the lake Batur, which is the principal H2O temple equally the source of whatsoever springs as well as rivers.
- Subak Landscape of watersheds Pakerisan, which is known equally the oldest irrigation scheme inwards Bali.
- Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru, tourist attractions of Jatiluwih rice terraces is i of its parts.
- Taman Ayun Temple, the greatest H2O temple amongst its most famous architecture, exemplifies the total expansion of the Subak scheme nether majestic regime of Bali inwards the 19th century.
The components of Subak is roofing the forests that protect H2O supplies, landscapes of terraced rice fields that are connected past times a scheme of canals, tunnels as well as dams, villages, temples of diverse sizes indicating the importance of H2O resources or H2O flowing through the temple declined irrigating H2O command system.
Subak Museum
To innovate as well as save Subak which is an ancestral cultural heritage of Bali, as well as hence established the Subak Museum which is located inwards Tabanan regency which aims to innovate immature generation or tourists nearly the traditional irrigation scheme owned as well as is yet used today past times the farmers on the Island of Bali.
Read to a greater extent than nearly Subak Museum: Bali Agriculture Collection & Traditional Irrigation.
In this museum exhibited as well as displays objects that relate to the run of farmers equally good equally audio-visual shows activities inwards running Subak irrigation management.
References:
- whc.unesco.org
- ale-alesma3dps.blogspot.com
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